Noteworthy in these recent, as well as older studies, is the high concentration of serum or plasma total protein (particularly globulins) and low concentration of albumin in this species. Д¬linical pathology plays an important role in the diagnosis and monitoring of animal disease, and clinical chemistry reference intervals for the white rhinoceros for various analytical methods have been recently published. At least 38 orphan rhinoceros calves were being cared for in South Africa at the end of 2016, many of which required veterinary care during their rehabilitation process. For example, 54 injured rhinoceros were treated by South African National Parks veterinarians from 2014вЂ“2016, 31 of which were ultimately euthanized due to their injuries. These figures do not include those animals which survive a poaching attempt and are subsequently treated by veterinarians. The southern white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum simum (referred to hereafter as the white rhinoceros), is heavily poached in southern Africa, with over 4 000 animals killed in South Africa between 2013 and the end of 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Дata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.ДЇunding: Funding for this project was provided by: The Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa Postgraduate research bursary from the Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority, South Africa.Д¬ompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: MaAccepted: JPublished: July 25, 2018Д¬opyright: В© 2018 Hooijberg et al.

PLoS ONE 13(7):Д®ditor: Ivano Eberini, UniversitГ degli Studi di Milano, ITALY

These protein changes are similar to those seen in human patients with wounds rather than classic acute phase or chronic inflammatory responses.Д¬itation: Hooijberg EH, Miller M, Cray C, Buss P, Steenkamp G, Goddard A (2018) Serum protein electrophoresis in healthy and injured southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum). Wounded animals had lower concentrations of total serum protein, albumin, total globulin, О± and ОІ1 globulins, lower percentages of О±2 and ОІ1 globulins, and higher percentages of ОІ2 and Оі globulins. Results were compared to those from 30 animals with various degrees and chronicities of tissue trauma. Six globulin fractions were identified: О±1a, О±1b, О±2, ОІ1, ОІ2 and Оі. A standardised gating system together with identification of specific proteins by mass spectrometry aided in fraction identification. Reference intervals for total serum protein and agarose gel electrophoretic albumin and globulin fractions were generated using serum samples from 49 healthy free-ranging adult white rhinoceros. The aim of this study was to develop reference intervals for agarose gel SPE in healthy white rhinoceros and to compare these serum protein electrophoresis results to those from animals with tissue trauma. Furthermore, identification of changes in globulins in animals with poaching and other injuries can guide discovery of potentially useful biomarkers of inflammation. Investigation of globulin fractions by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is the first step towards evaluation of the proteome in the southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum).

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